MULAHOLA : Biology Practical ...dop

[26/04 07:58] Mayowa: 3
(iii).StatetwowaysinwhicheachofspecimensBandDareofeconomic importance.
(f).
(i).StatethreeobservablesimilaritiesbetweenspecimensBandD.
(ii).In a tabularform,state three observable differences between specimensBandD.
(iii).WhatisthenamecommontospecimensBandD?
(iv).StatetherelationshipbetweenspecimensCandD.
StudyspecimensE,F,G,H andJcarefullyandusethem toanswer questions2(a)to2(f).
2(a).
(i).StatethehabitatsofspecimensE,HandJ.
(ii).StatetheclasstowhicheachofspecimensE,HandJbelong.
(iii).StatethemodesofnutritionofspecimensE,HandJ.
(iv).ExplainhoweachofspecimensE,HandJareadaptedtotheirmodes offeeding.
(b).
(i).StatetwowaysinwhicheachofspecimensF,HandJareofeconomic importance.
(ii).StatethreewaysinwhichspecimenHcanbecontrolled.
(c).Describebrieflytherelationshipthatexistsbetween:
Mayowa: Grasshopper, Winged Termite & Cockroach

-Phylum—Arthropoda

-Class- Insecta

-Subclasses- Pterygota-insects with wings

-General characteristics/Features of Arthropoda

-They have segmented bodies.

-Their bodies are covered by hard exoskeletons.

-They have three body divisions-head, thorax and abdomen

-They have three pairs of walking legs; one pair on each thoracic segment-prothorax,

mesothorax and metathorax

- Bilateral symmetry

- They have a pair of antennae for sensitivity.

- Wings, if present, are found on the second and third thoracic segments (mesothorax

and metathorax).

Control-

1] By the use of insecticides e.g DDT

2] Killing physically

-They have a pair of antennae for irritability

-Functions of the wings

-Forewings to protect the hing wing

-Hindwings are used for flight

-The first pair of wings called tegima on the mesothorax are thick and chitinous. They protect the inner wing.

-The second pair of wings are membranous, they are used for flying.

Mouth parts: The mouth parts are made for biting and chewing. They are made up of:

Labrum: an upper lip prevents the food from falling off while chewing.

Mandibles: a pair of jaws. They serrated inner edges for bitting.

Maxillae: a pair of jaws. The inner edges of the maxillae form bitting blades which mandibles have chewed into smaller pieces

Labium: The lowe r lip. Prevents the food from falling off, while chewing.

Hypopharynx: The insects tongue. Helps to introduce saliva to the food during chewing.

1.WINGED TERMITE

--They are the young male and female termites . At night, especially at the beginning of raining season, they fly out of the ant-hill. During the flight (refers to as nuptial flight) they fall to the ground, mate(pairing up) and lose their wings. The pair enters into the ground where they start a new colony.

-Most of them are caught while flying and eaten by men, birds and lizards.

-Habitat : Termitarium or anthill ,old logs ,stumps of trees, soil, dead wood

-Mode of life: It is a social insect that live in organised colony.

-Feeds on plant tissues or organic materials.

- Role of winged termite in the colony--Reproduction

Economic Importance

-Loosens the soil

-Mixes the soil and aerate it

-It is edible/serves as food/sources of food.

- Its activities enrich the soil

2. BUTTERFLY WITH OPEN WINGS

-it can be caught using butterfly net

-Habitat: It is found in farmland, bushes

-Undergoes complete metamorphosis

-Mode of nutrition: Piercing and sucking using proboscis

Economic importance

-Helps to pollinate flowers

3. GRASSHOPPER

-Phylum: Arthropoda

-Class: Insecta

-Habitat: Farmland, bushes, garden, field.

Adaptations of specimens to their mode of feeding

-Has mandible: For cutting/chewing

- labrum/maxilla: for cutting/chewing.

Economic importance

-Feeds on dead plants and leaves as to cause it to decay

-It destroys crops/plants/reduces crop yield/reduces income

-It improves the fertility of the soil

-Serves as source of income generation

-It is edible/serves as food/sources of food.

Control of grasshopper

- Use of insecticides/pesticide.

- Introduction of biological enemies e.g birds/predators.

Differences between Grasshopper and Butterfly

GRASSHOPPER

BUTTERFLY

No proboscis

Proboscis

Mandible & Mancillaes

No mandible & Mancillaes

Similarities

-They both have legs

-They both have eyes

- They both have wings

Differences between winged termite and adult butterfly with wings
WINGED TERMITES

ADULT BUTTTERFLY WITH WINGS

Smaller

Bigger

One colour

Many colours

No proboscis

Possesses proboscis

Possession of mandible and maxillae

Absence of mandible and maxillae

Similarities between winged termite and butterfly

1. They both have wings

2. They both have three pairs of leg

3. They both have head

4. They both have eyes

5. They both have three body division

4.CATERPILLAR

-This is the larva stage of butterfly

-It undergoes complete metamorphosis

-Movement: Wriggling

Economic importance

-It destroys crops

-It decreases yield

-It decreases farmer’s output

Question: On which segment of a caterpillar are the following structures found?

-True legs- all the thoracic segments.

-Prolegs-3rd-6th abdominal segments.

-Spinneret-head or first segment.

-Clasper-last or tenth abdominal segment.

5.MAGGOT

- The female housefly lays its eggs in batches. The eggs are laid on rotten materials and human faces

-The eggs hatch out into a white larva called maggots .this takes within one to three days

-The maggot (larva) is white and cylindrical

-The anterior end is pointed and bears the head

-The posterior end is broader

-The larva is segmented, having twelve segments

-It has no true legs, in place of legs, it has spiny pads from the 6th to the 12th segment

-It has two pairs of spiracles for breathing

-One pair is on the 2nd segment, while the other pair is on the last (12th) segment

-The larva likes dampness but not light

-The maggot moults twice, shortens and becomes brown

-- the larva (maggot) feeds on the decaying matter surrounding it.

-Within 5-14 days, the larva changes into pupa

QUESTION: On which segment of a maggot are the following found?

- hook- first segment

- posterior spiracle- last or posterior segment

HABITAT- It is found in decaying or decomposing organic matter

MOVEMENT- It moves by wriggling

COLOUR- White/ Brown

Differences between maggot and caterpillar
MAGGOT

CATERPILLAR

Smaller in size

Bigger in size

White/Brown colour

Greenish in colour

No hair

Hairy

No distinct head

Distinct head

Slimy to touch

Not slimy to touch

No eyes

It has eyes

No head

It has head

Similarities:-No legs, No wings

6. IRISH POTATO

- Tubers bear scale leaves at early stages. These leaves wear off as they get older leaving only the scars (eyes/node). Auxiliary buds are present at axils of scale leaves e.g irish potato.

- Tubers are swollen underground stem. They are different from roots because they have auxiliary buds (eye/node) by which they can be propagated even where the tuber is cut into pieces e.g irish potato.

It is a carbohydrate. When iodine is added it turns blue black. It gives energy

7. CARROT WITH LEAVES ATTACHED

-The roots of some plants are able to swell or enlarge by the storage of food in them. They are called root crops e.g carrot and cassava

Root tuber e.g carrot, cassava.

General features

-Large and swollen

- Possess adventitious and lateral roots

Differences between carrot and irish potato

CARROT

IRISH POTATO

Orange in colour

Brown in colour

Has leaves

No leaves

No nodes present

There are nodes on it

Has roots

No roots

Vegetative propagation

It is the process by which new plant grows from any portion of an old one other than the seeds .The plant involved must have a store of food and must

be able to produce all the organs of a complete plant. It can be divided into two types:

-Natural vegetative propagation

-Artifical vegetative propagation

Advantages of asexual reproduction

- The offspring are generally similar to their parents.

- Agents of pollination are not needed.

- It is easy to obtain planting materials.

- Since the food is ready at hand, the offspring grow and mature quickly.

- They can colonise the locality easily.

- Agents of dispersal are not needed.

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

- No variation since the parents and offspring are similar from generation to generation.

- Bad adaptation of the parents and offspring can lead to their death since they are genetically similar.

- There is less chance of evolution.

- Since there are no means of dispersal, overcrowding, competition for food, space and light may result.

8.MOSQUITO

-Phylum: Arthopoda.

-Class: Insecta

-Mode of feeding: Piercing and sucking

-Mouth part: Proboscis

Types - Anopheles, Culex and Aedes

-Female anophele mosquito = sucks blood, carries plasmodium, a parasite, which causes malaria.

-Male anopheles mosquito - sucks plant juice

-Female culex - carries germs that cause elephantiasis

-Female aedes = carries dengue fever and yellow fever

-Mosquito undergoes complete metamorphosis

Habitat - stagnant water, abandoned containers, bushes, vegetation.

-- Mosquito and housefly have sucking mouth parts modified into proboscis. They pour out saliva into their food.

Economic importance

- Carries or vectors of diseases

Female anopheles -------plasmodium---------malaria fever

Female culex ---------roundworm--------elephantiasis/dengue fever

Female aedes -------virus---------yellow fever

- Mosquito bite is a source of great irritation and discomfort

- Transmission of diseases

Control (larva)

- Ponds and swamps may be drained or sprayed with insecticides or kerosene .this prevents larvae from breathing air

- All the possible breeding places of mosquitoes must be destroyed e.g. broken pots, old tins

- Water tanks should be kept covered

Control (adult)

- Use of mosquito nets

- Spraying with insecticides

- Clearing of bushes.

9. ADULT COCKROACH

-Habitat: Dark corners, crevices, shelves, cupboards and cartons containing food stuffs or books, Kichen.

-Economic importance

- Destroys our food, clothes, shoes, boxes.

- Transmit diseases such as leprosy, dysentery, typhoid fever.

-Control

- By the use of insecticides e.g DDT.

- Killing physically.

- By maintaining good house cleaning practices.

-QUESTION=How cockroach is adapted to its environment.

-it has long walking legs for fast movement.

-it has dorso-ventral body compression for hiding in crevices.

-it has biting and chewing mouth parts for chewing all types of food.

-it has antennae for detecting changes in its surroundings.

-Type of wing-Forewings and hindwings.

- Forewing-Protect the hindwing.

- Hindwing-For flight.
FOREWING

HINDWING

Hard and horny

Thin and membraneous

No lines of folding

Has lines of folding

-The excretory organ of cockroach is malphighian tubule.

- The first pair of wings called Tegima on the mesothorax are thick and chitinous. They protect the inner wing.

- The second pair of wings are membranous, they are used for flying.

- The cerci are sensory in nature.

- The male has anal styles for opening the female reproduction part.

Similarities between winged termite and cockroach

- Brown in colour

- Have legs

- Have three body divisions

- Body covered with exoskeleton.

10. HOUSEFLY

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

- Vectors of diseases like typhoid fever, diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera

- It serves as intermediate host for several parasitic worms e.g. roundworms, tapeworms

- Settles on our food, defecates there are introduces bacteria, viruses as to contaminate it

CONTROL

- All food must be covered

- Pit latrines should be covered

- Waste food should be kept in covered containers and disposed of by burning or burying

-It carries out complete metamorphosis

Adaptation to carry disease

- Hairy body and adhesive pads on the legs. These features enable the housefly enable the housefly to pick and transfer bacteria and other micro-organism.

- Housefly vomits fluid as to moisten the solid food. The secreted fluid contains viruses and bacteria picked from decayed matter and faeces.

-Metamorphosis in insects

- Metamorphosis means changes of shape and form that occur in the life cycle or development of an insect from the egg to the adult or imago.

Types

- -Complete – e.g housefly, butterfly

- - Incomplete- e.g cockroach , termite, grasshopper

-Modes of feeding

-Biting and chewing-using mandibles and maxillae-cochroach, , termite, grasshopper

-Piercing and sucking-using proboscis- housefly, butterfly

11. EARTHWORM

- Phylum -Annelida,

- The other examples –leech, tubeworm.

- Niche: hole in the soil

-Feeds on decaying matter.

Observable features;

- It body compose of segments.

- It has soft and moist skin.

- It has bristles or chaetae on most segment.

Economic Importance

- It aerate and loosen the soil.

- It decomposes plant and animal materials and turns them into humus.

-The excretory organ of earthworm is nephridium or body surface

Habitat -damp soil or marshy area.

-The dorsal surface is darker than the ventral surface.

-The body segments (except the first and the last three) have four pairs of bristles (chaetae) used for locomotion.

Clitellum

- secretes cocoon which contains egg and sperm. The cocoon is the protective covering for the eggs.

- secretes a mucus tube which fastens the two worms together.

- involves in reproduction.

12. UNRIPE MANGO FRUIT

Classify: True ,simple, fleshy ,drupe.

Reasons for classification

- It has a leathery epicarp

- The mesocarp is succulent

- It has a hard endocarp enclosing one seed

- Drupe: a drupe has a hard and stony endocarp e.g mango, coconut, palm nut.

- Agent of dispersal- animal(man)

-Unripe mango provide potassium

-The food substance is mineral. Function=makes the body healthy

-Type of ovary: monocarpous

QUE= What type of fruit is mango? Give one reason for your answer.

ANS= Drupe. Reason is that the endocarp is hard and stony.

QUE= State a feature which contribute to the dispersal of the seeds of mango.

ANS= Hard endocarp prevents seeds from being eaten.

13. TOMATO FRUIT

Food class- Vitamin, Function=prevention of diseases

Classify : True, simple, fleshy, berry.

-Berry:- a berry is a true, simple, wholly succulent fruit and indehiscent. Usually it has many seeds and every part of it is fleshy. The endocarp of a berry is edible e.g tomato

-Type of fruit/Identify: A berry

-Reasons :

- many seeds, succulent pericarp, large placenta, endocarp is soft,pulpy, hard testa.

Placentation –Axile

-Axile- i.e the carpels meets in the centre to form the plankentae to which the tomato ovules are attached

- Type of ovary- Syncarpous

Storage- Tomato can be stored through drying, canning or processing, and freezing

-Differences
Mango

Tomato

1. One seed

Many seeds

2. Greenish colour

Red colour

3. Leathery epicarp

Brittle epicarp

4. One seed

Many seeds

5. Epicarp and mesocarp separate

Epicarp and mesocarp fused

6. Endocarp is hard/stony

Endocarp is succulent / fleshy/soft

7. Only one chamber in fruit

Many chambers in fruit

8. Mesocarp fibrous

Mesocarp is membranous/leathery

9. Parietal placentation

Axile placentation

10. Stony endocarp

Succulent endocarp

-Similarities

- They are both fruits.

-They are both fleshy.

-They both have seeds.

-They both have pericarp (epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp).

-Features that aid dispersal

Fruit are eaten by animals or man, and the seeds are thrown away or dropped elsewhere to germinate e.g mango

- Dispersal is the transfer of a fruit or seed from the parent to other places where the seed may germinate.

-Germination is the series of changes by which the embryo in a seed grows in a seedling.

Conditions Necessary for Germination

Water(Moisture)/Oxygen(Air)/Warmth(Suitable temperature)/Enzymes/Energy/Viable seeds

Whatsapp master vickramix for more info 08145352304
[26/04 07:59] Mayowa: i).SpecimensEandF;
(ii).SpecimensJandG.
4
(d).Inatabularformstatefourobservabledifferencesbetweenspecimens FandG.
(e).ExplainthreefeaturesofbiologicalimportanceinspecimenF.
4(a).
GROUPIII
FORCANDIDATESINNIGERIAONLY
(i).NamethephylumtowhicheachofspecimensQandRbelong.
(ii).StatethehabitatofeachofspecimensQandR.
(iii).StatetwowaysinwhicheachofspecimensQandRareof economicimportance.
(iv).Inatabularform,statethreedifferencesbetweenspecimens QandR.
(b).
(i).NamethetypeoffruitinspecimensSandTwithreasons.
(ii).Inatabularform,statefourobservabledifferencesbetween specimensSandT.
(iii).StateifeachofspecimensSandTisatrueorafalsefruit. (iv).Giveonereasonforyouranswerin(iii)above.
(c).Makeadrawing8-10cmofspecimenTandlabelfully.
(d).StatethefoodclassespresentineachofspecimensSandT.
[26/04 07:59] Mayowa: [10:34pm, 4/25/2017] ‪+234 908 567 4715‬: Biology specimen
A-winged termite
B-maggot
C-adult butterfly with open wings
D-caterpillar
E-carrot with leaves attached
G-irish potato
H-adult mosquito
I-adult cockroach
Q-house fly
R-earth worn
S-Cross section of unripe mango fruit.
[10:38pm, 4/25/2017] ‪+234 908 567 4715‬: (1ai)
Division-angiosperm
Class-monocotyledon
(1aii)
-it has scattered vascular bundle of stem
-they have fibrous root system
-they posses parallel venation
(1b)
-B-it is reproductive part of A
-C-it is female part of A
-D-it is fruit of A
(1d) D is seed.
it is a monocotyledonous plant seed it originate from
from the ovule of the female flower/ovary.
The seed is made up of an outer testa and a inner
tegmen, the seed has only one cotyledon and the embryo consist of a plumule and the radicle.
(2ai)
Specimen E belong to Mammals
Specimen F belongs to Aves
(2aii) Four features of Specimen E
-Their bodies are covered with hairs
-They have two pair of limbs
-They have different sets of teeth
-Their bodies are bilaterally symmetrical
Four features of Specimen F -They have wings which are used for flight
-They have two pairs of limbs
-Their bodies are covered with feather's except the hind legs which are covered with scales
- They have beak which is used for feeding
(2aiii) Specimen E
- The hairs in their body helps them for homostatics
-The limbs helps them to survive in their habitat
-The teeth helps in feeding
Specimen F
-The wings are used for flight
-The beak are used for flight
-The scales are used to control temperature
===========================
(2bi)
Specimen G into is phylum and class Phylum-->Arthropoda Class--> Insecta
(2bii)
-They have wings
-They have narrow waist
-They are sting-yellow
-They have black stripes
(2biii)
Specimen G habitat is Terrestrial
==============================
(4ai.)
Specimen L ------- Terrestrial habitat
Specimen M ------ Terrestrial habitat
Specimen N -------Terrestrial habitat
II.
Specimen L --------- Photosynthesis/autotrophic.
Specimen M -------- Biting and chewing / heterotrophic
Specimen N --------Saprophytic
iii. Specimen L ----- They are green plants therefore they
are able to produce their own food through
photosynthesis.
Specimen M ----- They have maxilla and mandibles that
are adapted to bite and chew grasses.
(4bi.) They all lives in the same habitat and they depend on
each other to survive.
Freshly uprooted grass ----- grasshopper --------Mushroom
(ii.) sources of food for man.
reduction of crop yields.
(iii.) Using of insecticides.
SPECIMEN A = WINGED TERMITE
Kingdom:AnimaliaPhylum:ArthropodaClass:InsectaOrder:BlattodeaSub-order:IsopteraCHARACTERISTICS
Termites are soil or wood inhabiting social insects
Most termites eat dead plant material, so it play an important role in reducing dead plant material, but they can be quite destructive to human-built structures.
They construct a nest of soil for reproduction
Termites have incomplete metamorphosis.
Growth is by molting/ecdysis.
A single colony constitute : nest workers (who construct the nest and care for the eggs), foragers (who are equipped for chewing wood or other plant material), and soldiers (whose large heads, strong jaw muscles, and sharp jaws enable them to defend the colony from attackers such as ants)

SPECIMEN B = M AGGOT
A maggot is the larva of a fly (order: Diptera) such as houseflies, cheese flies, and blowflies. Maggot-like fly larvae are of wide importance in ecology and medicine; among other roles, various species are prominent in recycling carrion and garbage, attacking crops and foodstuffs, spreading microbial infections, and causing myiasis. Usually occurs near garbage cans, dead animals, rotten food and other breeding grounds for maggots.
CH AR A CTERISTICS
A maggot is the larval stage of the fly life cycle, famous for eating decomposing flesh, Sometimes "maggot" is used to refer to the larval stage of any insect.
Maggots are generally 4 to 12 mm in length depending on their stage of growth.
They are either off-white, light brown, yellow, or reddish color.
Maggots have one pair of tiny hook-like mouth parts to aid in feeding and have no legs.
They are transmitting at least 65 diseases to humans, including typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, poliomyelitis, yaws, anthrax, tularemia, leprosy and tuberculosis. Flies regurgitate and excrete wherever they come to rest and thereby mechanically transmit disease organisms.
Where Do Maggots Come From?
The fly lays eggs, which turn into maggots. "Maggot" is another word for larva. After a pupa stage, maggots turn into flies. Sometimes, it may seem like the maggots appear from nowhere, but it's just that you didn't notice the fly or its eggs. The fly lays hundreds of eggs at a time! They will begin to hatch within a day.
A Fly's Life Cycle
1. A female lives about a month, during which time she lays from 500 to 2,000 eggs in batches of about 75 to 150 at a time.
2. A day after the eggs are laid, the maggots will appear.
3. We usually see them in this first stage while they are still 3-9 mm long and whitish in color
4. Maggots feed for 3 to 5 days. There are larval and pupal stages, and it takes approximately 14 to 36 days for the eggs to morph into flies.
5. The fly will lay its eggs anywhere it feels like the maggots will be safe and well-fed. This is why it’s so common to see them in old or rotting food. The maggots need to eat non-stop so the fly will always lay the eggs where there is food.
What Do Maggots Like to Eat?
Maggots like meat, Leftovers, discards, pet food, dead animals, and any old meat. They eat to fuel their growth until they pupate.
How to Prevent Flies (and Maggots)
Always clean up any food and don't leave any sitting out.
Tie your garbage bags tightly and remove garbage from your house frequently.
Flies will lay their eggs in your pet’s food as well, so make sure you change their food fully and don’t just top it up. Keep the dish covered when not in use.
Clean out garbage cans thoroughly. Using bleach is probably your best bet.
Seal any holes in your screens to help keep them out. They always find a way to sneak in though.

SPECIMEN C= BUTTERFLIES
Kingdom: Animalia (invertebrates)
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Sub-order: Rhopalocera
Genus:Danaus
Specie: chrysippus
Butterflies are in the order Lepidoptera which are insects with scaled wings. Butterflies are invertebrates (do not have a backbone) instead they have an exoskeleton that encases their soft body and protects their vital organs.
CHAR ACTERISTICS
Butterflies undergo complete metamorphosis.
An adult butterfly has two wings, six legs, and a long body that has three segments: the head, the thorax and the abdomen.
The two wings are divided into the forewing and the hind wing and attached to the thorax.
Butterflies also have two compound eyes and two antennae.
They feed on nectar of a flower

SPECIMEN D= CATERPILL AR
Caterpillar is the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths).Caterpillars generally feed on grasses (agricultural pests). Many insect are best known in their caterpillar stages because of the damage they cause to fruits and other agricultural products, whereas the adults are obscure and do no direct harm. Conversely, various species of caterpillar are valued as sources of silk, as human or animal food, or for biological control of pest plants. Some caterpillars are used in industry. The silk industry is based on the silkworm caterpillar.

SPECMEN E= GRASSHOPPER
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insect
Order: Orthoptera
Genus: Caelifera
Species: Romalea guttata, Melanoplus bivittatus, Differential grasshopper, ETC
CHAR ACTERISTICS
Grasshoppers are typically ground-dwelling insects with powerful hind legs which enable them to escape from threats by leaping vigorously.
They are hemimetabolous insects (they do not undergo complete metamorphosis)
At high population densities and under certain environmental conditions, some grasshopper species can change colour and behaviour and form swarms
They are plant eaters (pest)
They protect themselves from predators by camouflage.
Grasshoppers have the typical insect body plan of head, thorax and abdomen.
Most grasshoppers are polyphagous (eat on different plant sources),but some are omnivorous (eat animal tissue and animal faeces)
LIFE CYCLE

Six stages (instars) of development, from newly hatched nymph to fully winged adult
Predators: Grasshoppers have a wide range of predators at different stages of their lives; eggs are eaten by bee-flies, ground beetles and blister beetles; hoppers and adults are taken by other insects such as ants, robber flies and sphecid wasps, by spiders, and by many birds, reptiles and mammals.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
As food: In some countries, grasshoppers are used as food like in southern Mexico, Indonesia, china and many African countries
As pests: grasshopper eat large quantities of a plant leaf, stem, and the product (crops)

SPECIMEN F= CARROT
Kingdom:Plantae(unranked):Angiosperms(unranked):Eudicots(unranked):AsteridsOrder:ApialesFamily:ApiaceaeGenus:DaucusSpecies:D. carotaCarrots are a popular root vegetable that are easy to grow in sandy soil. They are resistant to most pests and diseases, and are a good late season crop that can tolerate frost. Not all carrots are orange; varieties vary in color from purple to white.
Pests/Diseases
Wireworms
Flea Beetles
CHARACTERISTICS
Carrots are mature at around 2 ½ months and ½ inch in diameter. You may harvest whenever desired maturity is reached.
Carrots can be stored in tubs of moist sand for winter use.
They are dry indehiscent fruit/schizocarp: a fruit from a syncarpous ovary that splits into its separate but indehiscent carpels at maturity.Example: Apiaceae (carrot family).
Carrots are a good source of several vitamins and minerals, especially vitamin A
Carrots are biennial plants. If you leave them in the ground, the tops will flower and produce seeds the second year
Carrots have a long list of health benefits, not just those from Vitamin A

SPECIMEN G= IRISH POTATO
KingdomPlantae – Plants Phylum Spermatophyta – Seed plants DivisionMagnoliophyta – Flowering plants ClassMagnoliopsida – Dicotyledons SubclassAsteridae OrderSolanales FamilySolanaceae – Potato family GenusSolanum L. – nightshade SpeciesSolanum tuberosum L. – Irish potato CHARACTERISTICS
The potato is a starch, tuberous crop
It is perennial
Leaf type: compound. Leaf arrangement: alternate.
It can grow in multiple locations
They bear white, pink, red, blue, or purple flowers with yellow stamens.
Potatoes are mostly cross-pollinated by insects such as bumblebees, which carry pollen from other potato plants, though a substantial amount of self-fertilizing occurs as well.
Nutrition: it is carbohydrate
Storage: well ventilated and for long-term storage maintained at temperatures near 4 °C. For short-term storage before cooking, temperatures of about 7 to 10 °C.
Pests: Phytophthora infestans (late blight), Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, black leg, powdery mildew, powdery scab and leafroll virus are all diseases that affects potato. which are transmitted by Insects like Colorado potato beetle, the potato tuber moth, the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), the potato aphid, beet leafhoppers, thrips, and mites.
Uses: Potatoes are used to brew alcohol, They are also used as food for domestic animals, it is used in the textile industry, it is used in manufacturing of papers and boards, Potato are commonly used in plant research, Potato skins along with honey are a folk remedy for burns in India. Etc

SPECIMEN H= ADULT MOSQUITO
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Culicidae
Genus: Anophelinae, Culicinae
Species:Mosquitoes are two-winged flies that belong to the family Culicidae in the order Diptera. Mosquitoes live in humid, tropics and subtropics, warm moist climates, temperate and cool zones, in fact everywhere except areas that are permanently frozen
Adult Mosquito Biology
In the adult stage, male and female adult mosquitoes feed on sugars from plants and from other insects that feed on plant sugars. This is the only source of nutrition for the males as they do not feed on blood. The females use the sugar meals for energy and the blood meals for egg development.
CHAR ACTERISTICS
Their Females are ectoparasites with tube-like mouthparts (piercing and sucking mouth part) pierce the hosts' skin to consume blood.
The saliva of the mosquito often causes an irritating rash that is a serious nuisance.
Mosquitoes are vectors of diseases, In such as malaria, yellow fever, Chikungunya, West Nile virus, dengue fever, filariasis, Zika virus and other arboviruses.
. The insect wing is an outgrowth of the exoskeleton. The abdomen is specialized for food They undergo complete metamorphosis
The length of the adult is typically between 3mm-6mm. Mosquitoes typically
All mosquitoes have slender bodies with three segments: a head (for receiving sensory information and for feeding), a thorax and an abdomen.
The head contain eyes and a pair of long antennae. The antennae are important for detecting host odors, as well as odors of breeding sites where females lay eggs. The compound eyes of adults develop in a separate region of the head. The head also has an elongated, forward-projecting, stinger-like proboscis (mouth) used for feeding, and two sensory palps. The thorax is specialized for locomotion. Three pairs of legs and a pair of wings are attached to the thoraxdigestion and egg development; the abdomen of a mosquito can hold three times its own weight in blood
Feeding by adults
Typically, both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant juices, but in many species the mouthparts of the females are adapted for piercing the skin of animal hosts and sucking their blood as ectoparasites, the female needs to obtain nutrients from a blood meal before it can produce eggs,
Control
The elimination of breeding places
using mosquito nets
Biological control with predators such as fish, lizard
Using insect repellents on skin which give short-term protection against mosquito bites
There are also electronic insect repellent devices which produce ultrasounds that were developed to keep away insects).

SPECIMEN J= ADULT COCKROACH
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Blattodea
Families: BlattidaeSpecies: american cockroach (Periplaneta Americana), the Asian cockroach (Blattella asahinai), and the Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis)CHARACTERISTICS
Some species are associated with human habitats.
Some species are well known as pests.
Their body is divided into a thorax of three segments and a ten-segmented abdomen.
Cockroaches are abundant throughout the world and live in a wide range of environments, especially in the tropics and subtropics
Cockroaches can withstand extremely cold temperatures, allowing them to live in the Arctic.
Many live in leaf litter, among the stems of matted vegetation, in rotting wood, in holes in stumps, in cavities under bark, under log piles and among debris.
Cockroaches are social insects
As pests: They feed on human’s food and can leave an offensive odor.
Control: by using Household chemicals like sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) have been suggested, without evidence for their effectiveness. Alternatively, insecticides containing deltamethrin or pyrethrin are very effective.
As food: cockroaches are eaten in many places around the world. In China, cockroaches have become popular as medicine and cockroach farming is rising. Fried cockroaches are ground and sold as pills for stomach, heart and liver diseases.
SPECIMEN Q= HOUSEFLY
Kingdom:AnimaliaPhylum:ArthropodaClass:InsectaOrder:DipteraSection:SchizophoraFamily:MuscidaeGenus:MuscaSpecies:M. DomesticaCHARACTERISTICS
They are cosmopolitan pest of both farm and home.
They are always found in association with humans or the activities of humans such as hog and poultry farms, horse stables and ranches.
Distribution: they are found in all climates from tropical to temperate, and in a variety of environments ranging from rural to urban. It is commonly associated with animal feces, but has adapted well to feeding on garbage, so it is abundant almost anywhere people live.
They undergo complete metamorphosis with
The larva are referred as maggot
Adult: The house fly is 6 to 7 mm long, with the female usually larger than the male. Which usually live 15 to 25 days, but May live up to two months
The flies are inactive at night (they hide on ceilings, trees, and shrubs)
Breeding is always in horse manure, human excrement, cow manure, fermenting vegetable, and kitchen waste.
Damage: Housefly species does not bite, but it is vital to human health and comfort in many areas of the world. They act as transmitters of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and nematodes) from garbage, sewage and other sources of filth, and then transferred to human body and animal food; particularly the movement of flies from animal or human feces to food that will be eaten uncooked by humans. They cause diseases such as typhoid fever, dysentery, tuberculosis, anthrax, ophthalmia, and parasitic worms.
Control: The more commonly used control measures for house flies are sanitation, use of traps, and insecticides, the use of biological control

SPECIMEN R= EARTHWORM
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Oligochaeta
Order: Opisthopora
Family: Microchaetidaewe fish with them, they crawl across our sidewalks and live in our flower pots. Despite this, their ecological and economic importance often goes unrecognized. Earthworms have several important ecological roles. Additionally, some species are used commercially for bait, animal feed, environmental remediation, and composting.
"The Earthworm" and "Nightcrawlers" redirect here. For other uses, see Earthworm (disambiguation) and Nightcrawlers (disambiguation).
CHARACTREISTICS
An earthworm is a tube-shaped, cylindrical with segmented body
Earthworms are commonly found living in soil, feeding on live and dead organic matter
It conducts respiration through its skin
Earthworms are hermaphrodites (having both male and female reproductive organs)
They lack skeleton or exoskeleton, but posesses hydrostatic skeleton.
They are typically active only if water is present.
They move on the surface (peristaltic movement)
Earthworms do not have eyes, however, they do have specialised photosensitive cells called "light cells of Hess"
The excretion is through nephridia located in every segment, except for the first three and the last ones.
Benefits/importance
Earthworms play a major role in the conversion of large pieces of organic matter into rich humus, thus improving soil fertility.
Earthworm's burrowing creates a multitude of channels through the soil and is of great value in maintaining the soil structure
Earthworms accelerate nutrient cycling in the soil-plant system through fragmentation & mixing of plant debris
Earthworms form the base of many food chains.

SPECIMEN S= CROSS SECTION OF UNRIPE MANGO FRUIT
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Angiosperms
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Sapindales
Family: Anacardiaceae
Genus: Mangifera
Species: M. indica
CHARACTREISTICS
The type of fruit is true/drupe
They have taproots descends to a depth of 6 m
The fruit takes three to six months to ripen.
Unripe mango may be eaten with fish sauce, vinegar, soy sauce, or with dash of salt
Leaf arrangement: alternate. Leaf type: simple. Leaf margin: entire, undulate. Leaf shape: lanceolate, oblong. Leaf venation: pinnate, brachidodrome. Leaf type and persistence: evergreen, broadleaf evergreen. Leaf blade length: 8 to 12 inches, 12 to 18 inches. Leaf color: green
Mango trees have simple alternate lanceolate leaves
Mango can be eaten raw as a dessert fruit or processed to various products.
Eastern and Asian cultures use unripe mangos for pickles, chutney and relishes. In India, unripe mangos are sliced, dried, and made into powder used for cooking.
Mangos can be grown on a wide range of soil types, from light sandy loams to red clay soils
SPECIMEN T= CROSS SECTION OF TOMATO FRUIT
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Solanum
Species: S. lycopersicum
CHARACTREISTICS
Placentation is axile
Flower petal color yellow
the leaves are compound (made up of two or more discrete leaflets
Leaf arrangement alternate: there is one leaf per node along the stem
Flower symmetry the flower is radially symmetrical
Number of sepals, petals or tepals: there are five petals, sepals, or tepals in the flower
Fruit type: the fruit is fleshy
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