Financial accounting expo..

2a.
A trial balance is a bookkeeping or accounting report that lists the balances in each of an organization's general ledger accounts.
2b.
- to detect any errors that has occurred in the double entry accounting system
- it helps in the preparation of financial statements
2c
1. Errors of Principle:
An error of principle is an error which violates the fundamentals of book-keeping. For instance, purchase of furniture is debited to Purchase Account, instead of Furniture Account; Wages paid for the erection of plant is debited to Wages Account, instead of Plant Account; the amount spent on extension of building is debited to Repairs Account instead of Building Account etc. These types of errors do not affect the total debits and total credits but affect the principle of book-keeping.
2. Errors of Omission:
If a transaction is completely omitted, there will be no effect on the Trial Balance. When a transaction goes completely unrecorded in both aspects or a transaction after being recorded in the books of primary entry is not at all posted in the ledger, the error is an error of omission. For instance, if a credit purchase is omitted to be recorded in the Purchase Day Book, then it will be omitted to be posted both in the Purchase Account and the Supplier’s Account. This error will not, however, result in the disagreement of Trial Balance.
3. Posting to Wrong Account:
Posting an item to wrong account, but on the correct side. For instance, if a purchase of Rs 200 from Ramu has been credited to Raman, instead of Ramu and this error will not affect the agreement of Trial Balance. Thus, Trial Balance will not detect such an error.
4. Error of Amounts in Original Book:
If an invoice for Rs 632 is entered in Sales Book as Rs 623, the Trial Balance will come out correctly, since the debit and credit have been recorded as Rs 623. The arithmetical accuracy is there, but in fact there is an error.
3a) It is not a legally binding practice; rather, it is a generally accepted convention based on customs and designed to help accountants overcome practical problems that arise out of the preparation of financial statements.
3b) Materiality:
An important convention. As we can see from the application of accounting standards and accounting policies, the preparation of accounts involves a high degree of judgement. Where decisions are required about the appropriateness of a particular accounting judgement, the "materiality" convention suggests that this should only be an issue if the judgement is "significant" or "material" to a user of the accounts. The concept of "materiality" is an important issue for auditors of financial accounts.
(4a)
Depreciation is the measure of the wearing out, consumption or other loss of value of a fixed asset whether arising from use, effluxion of time or obsolescence through technology and market changes
(4b)
I. Physical deterioration
ii. Obsolescence
iii. The time factor
iv. Economic factor
v. Inadequacy